Understanding, preventing and solving land conflicts. The masai are pastoralists, while the waarusha are farmers. There is a great deal of excellent research in social sciences anthropology, geography, history, sociology, economics, human ecology, and political science on conflicts over access to land and water resources in africa. Land disputes crop up throughout uganda, with the greatest number of disputes arising in northern uganda districts, some parts of hoima and amuru district where oil has. Land is the most important asset in most parts of the world that people can own, including in uganda. Natural resources, conflict, and conflict resolution. Many african countries have recently embarked on changing their land policies as well as land. Causes of armed conflicts and their effects on women mubika augustine kudakwashe, bukaliya richard abstract this paper was meant to establish the causes of armed conflicts and their effects on women. The studys population was made of all households in. For years there has been conflict in loliondo surrounding land and natural resource uses. Resource based conflicts and political instability in africa. Tanzania focusing on the reduction of conflicts over natural re sources through the.
This situation has resulted in numerous land conflicts, and in most subsaharan countries the land question and past inequalities remain unresolved. Conflicts over access to village land occur between tanzania citizens and the village chairmen who are allegedly involved in informal land sales to foreigners along the border districts of missenyi, karagwe and ngara. Tribalism is a major cause of conflict, not just in africa but in kenya especially. Such conflicts, which are essentially civil wars, have varying degrees of external involvement. Land conflicts like any other conflict, do not disappear simply through the invisible hand of god. Land acquisition, public use, compensation, land conflicts and peace and harmony 1. Humanwildlife conflicts in tanzania proceedings of the 1 st university wide conference, 5 th 7 april 2000. Causes, impacts, and resolutions takashi yamano 1 and klaus deininger 2 1 foundation for advanced studies on international development national graduate institute for policy studies 2 the world bank december 2005 abstract because of changes in some underlying factors, land is increasingly becoming a.
But if peaceful mechanisms to manage arising conflicts are not developed and institutionalised, and if the underlying causes of conflicts are not tackled, an increase in conflicts and violent responses will be unavoidable even in the oasis of peace and stability. And therefore to solve land conflicts, we should look at the six reasons above and find corresponding solutions to them. Causes of armed conflicts and their effects on women. It is argued that the current framework has not been efficacious in resolving conflicts and there is a need to develop a new approach to conflict management. Dar es salaam, tanzania, jan 16 2014 ips tanzanian authorities are finding it increasingly difficult to deal with ongoing conflicts between farmers and pastoralists as they fight over limited land and water resources in this east african nation. The researcher focused at investigating on the causes of land conflicts, roles of political leaders on land conflicts, and effects of land conflicts between pastoralist and farmers in arumeru district. The colonial government placed all land in the hands of the state leaving the local people with no right to land ownership minde 2006. The conflict is complex, with many stakeholders involved, and loliondos location, bordering the serengeti national park and serving as prime grazing area for pastoralists in the region, makes it one of the most highly coveted land areas in tanzania. Participants will acquire the skills to formulate and operationalize preventive measures in relation to nrm and conflict. The study examined the type, nature and intensity of humanwildlife conflicts by identifying the resources that the local people seek in the protected areas and the damage caused by wild animals. Competition over land and its resources is at the center of the nexus between land and conflict. Causes and management of land conflicts in tanzania of sua ir. Traditional mechanisms of resolving conflicts over land. One of the leading causes of conflict in kenya is when individuals clash over limited resources such as land and water.
Using cases from arusha, tanga and coast regions to illustrate the land conflicts, the paper argues that at the heart of these conflicts is the topdown centralised bureaucratic and authoritarian. Resolving loliondo land conflict tanzania natural resource. Combining sophisticated theoretical insights and rich empirical details, the authors, collectively, illuminate the forces and factors that generate violent. Effects of land conflicts 54% have land holding size greater than area cultivated 20% of the hh experiencing land conflicts no longer own 40% of the hh reporting conflicts have no sufficient land for farming 90% of the hh reported not easier to access land than 510 yrs ago due to conflicts. Jun 02, 2016 land disputes are widespread in uganda, affecting 33%2 to 50%3 of landholders. Conflicts are direct threats to food security as they cause massive loss of life and therefore loss of workforce which is particularly important, as agriculture tends to rely heavily on human labour, loss of vital livestock, and loss of land. Land rights and land conflicts in africa carried out for the danish ministry of foreign affairs and coordinated by. Emerging socioeconomic and political conflicts in tanzania. In uganda, land disputes are the most significant form of conflict, with many escalating into violence. Pdf land conflicts between pastoralists and farmers in.
Since we have looked at some of the causes of conflict in africa, let us come back home and look at some of the sources of conflict in our country. Pdf land conflicts between pastoralists and farmers in tanzania. Land is a major source of livelihood and identity rights to access, use and control are central to the users land use conflicts and rates are higher in tanzania than 10 years ago motivation the importance of land and related resources on livelihood opportunities conflicts have been widespread over time. Other major causes of land conflicts include dysfunctional land management and problematic. This dissertation focused on assessing the impact of land conflict between farmers and pastoralists in ulanga district council. It may be helpful to think of natural resources in terms of how they are used. Values that reject violent responses to conflicts can help a lot. Rugadya 1 june, 2009 for the international republican institute iri funder and the uganda round table foundation implementer abstract.
In buganda, land is the way of life as the kingdoms cultural aspirations are based on land. Resource use conflicts in usangu plains, mbarali district, tanzania. Some resources, such as water and land, are used locally and may not have much impact beyond the local area. The study concludes that the root cause of the conflicts is the lack of security of land tenure to smallholder farmers and herders who hold and use unsurveyed land. Land conflict management through the implementation of. Land conflicts often have extensive negative effects on economic, social, spatial and ecological development. There are also conflicts over land between tanzania citizens and seasonal pastoralists from rwanda securing land through. Songambele was pastoralist keep graze their cattle in the farms, removing of. The research finding revealed that, the causes of land use conflicts in mkoka and. For most of the minor communities, their issues remained unsolved. Introduction tanzania is a relatively large country located in east africa, with a total of area of about 9, 500, 000 square kilometres. This article shows that there are various types of land conflicts in subsaharan africa. Persistence of farmerherder conflicts in tanzania davis mwamfupe department of geography, university of dodoma, tanzania abstract the study was conducted to examine the factors that have contributed to the causes and persistence of farmerherder conflicts in tanzania.
The land policy in tanzania, which has been implemented since. The world resources institute 1995 report revealed that the habitat loss in tanzania was a serious problem for different ecosystems. By adopting a descriptive survey design, yamano and deininger 2005 evaluated the causes, impacts and resolutions of land conflicts in kenya. The commision nationale des terres et autres biens was established recently by the government of burundi to address widespread conflicts relating to land and other properties that have arisen following burundis independence 45 years ago. The study was a content analysis of forty cases that dwelt on armed conflicts the world over. Euun partnership toolkit and guidance for preventing and managing land and natural resources conflict the management of land and natural resources is one of the most critical challenges. Conflict land and water food and agriculture organization. Persistence of farmerherder conflicts in tanzania ijsrp. Reasons land conflicts are rampant in uganda daily monitor. The following is a list of wars involving tanzania since its formation in 1964. Examples include the conflicts in the democratic republic of congo drc, angola and sierra leone. Natural resources and conflict management in east africa. To have few resources at the disposal of a colossal number of people is to direct the emergence of poverty, just as ghandi of india put it.
Some underlying factors, such as population pressure, 1 agricultural commercialization, and urbanization, have contributed to the increasing number of land conflicts, and the current land tenure systems in africa may not be wellequipped to resolve such conflicts cotula, toulmin, and hesse, 2004. Despite progress made to address land related legislative issues, the land sector in uganda faces. The tanzania land tenure system has its origin in the german colonial rule 18851919 and later british colonial rule 19191961. For most burundians, land is both history and livelihood. This paper tries to fill the gap by examining on the traditional mechanisms in resolving land conflict among the gorowa community of northern tanzania. A land use conflict occurs when there are conflicting views on land use policies, such as when an increasing population creates competitive demands for the use of the land, causing a negative impact on other land uses nearby. Traditional mechanisms is used in this paper to mean, the. It was premised on five specific objectives which are to. Causes of conflicts in africa conflicts in africa may be said to have been caused by a multiplicity of. Apr 23, 2015 clashes between the masai and waarusha tribes are a constant problem in tanzania. From tanzanias coast region to kilimanjaro, violent and sometimes deadly clashes have been raging for decades as the farmers who are about 75 percent of the population and pastoralists who are about 10 percent scramble for land. Tanzania struggles to end clashes between farmers and herders. Land conflicts in tanzania celebrating being zimbabwean. Cultural rivalry is mainly linked to major communities such as the kikuyus, luos, and luhyas but has currently shifted to even minor ones.